An exemplary quote, “Digital tools and platforms should be mobilized to interrogate and disclose how the humanities are developed out of systems of power. The black digital humanities reveals how methodological approaches for studying and thinking about the category of blackness may come to bear on and transform the digital processes and tools used to study humanity” (4).
An exemplary quote is, “…critically examining digital tools like Omeka, mapping software, content management systems, and social media” (1).
An exemplary quote is “Significantly, there are a number of ways that the body of the archive has weight as an archive of a certain type” (73).
An exemplary quote: “External confidentiality is a collective responsibility” (50).
A quote I found exemplary was “A community’s custody over its archives and cultural heritage means power over what is to be preserved and what is to be destroyed, how it is to be described and on what terms it is to be accessed” (83).
The image of archives as liminal zones as a space between remembering and forgetting stuck out to me which also contributes to the future.
Page 1: "While Online Publishing has replaced most traditional printed journals in less than twenty years, today’s Online Publication Formats are still closely bound to the medium of paper. Collaboration is mostly hidden from the readership, and ‘final’ versions of papers are stored in ‘publisher PDF’ files mimicking print."
Page 5: "(see chapter 12, Fenner et al: Altmetrics and other measures for scientific impact)."
Page 6: "Despite the fact that the Internet allows for other procedures, the publication of a scholarly manuscript is organized around the release date of the publication."
Page 8: "Current conventions prevent scientific authors from reusing well-worded introductions or other paragraphs, despite the fact that from a truly scientific point of view, this would be totally acceptable if enough new content and results besides the copied and reused parts is present (Figure 1)... "It is important to notice that in many disciplines and scientific cultures, mainly humanities, textual reproduction with precious words and in a literary manner is a considerable feat which is beyond the pure transportation of information. Here, the reusing and remixing of content has to be seen in a different context."
Page 9: "Figure 2. Remixing is the concept of using text and parts of earlier publications to build a novel publication; remixing is currently restricted through legal and scientific cultures, however, remixing may become much more acceptable in the future—remixing has to be distinguished from scientific plagiarism. Creative Commons (CC-BY) (see chapter 19, Friesike: Case: Creative Commons) will change this and will make reuse and remixing possible."
Page 13: "The lifecycle of a dynamic publication is much harder to define than the life cycle of a static, traditional publication. Concepts such as ‘transclusion’ 4, ‘pull-requests’, and ‘forking’ 5 allow for different kinds of remixing and ‘reuse’ of earlier publications."
Page 14: "An important feature of dynamic publications is the availability of a history functionality so that older versions of the publication are still available and referencing to the older versions can occur."
Page 14: "Many of these remixing and reuse concepts stem from collaborative software development and many of these are in turn far removed from the current perception of the life cycle of scientific publications. It remains to be seen whether they can be integrated into the scientific publishing culture so that the systems in question benefit from it, and usability, as well as readability, can be assured."
Page 14-15: "Figure 6. Dynamic publications allow many novel concepts such as ‘forking’ (dividing one publication into two branches of working versions), ‘transclusion’ (reuse of text or images from another publication).... and ‘pull requests’ (a certain way of including updates from one forked working version into another.”
Page 16: "Some research fields are more suited to dynamic publication concepts, while others are less so. There are research cultures that might implement dynamic publications faster than others. Hard sciences/lab sciences are more suited for dynamic publications. Here, often novel, incremental findings just require small changes to a text, whereas in humanities comprehensive theories and interpretations might not be as suitable to be expressed in well-circumscribed changes of text."
Page 17: "Blog postings seem to already be on their trajectory to become a valuable part of the publication mix… Wikis represent websites with content that can be collaboratively changed by potentially very large groups of users. Despite the fact that the usage of wikis grew far beyond the remit of software development and encyclopedias, Wikipedia significantly influenced the wide reception of wikis."
Page 19: "Stack Exchange—message boards where threads are initiated by posting open questions Question centered message boards (“stack exchange”) like MathOverflow and BioStar (Parnell et al. 2011) consists of comment threads that are posted under a known ID. A thread is centered on a question, which is in contrast to blogs which provide more or less opinions, reviews, comments, overviews, or novel hypotheses. A reputation (‘Karma’) can be built by earning ‘likes’ or ‘views’ from other users within the community (initially introduced by Slashdot in the 90s). The questioner and the community (Paul et al. 2012) assesses as to whether the answers are sufficient and whether the thread should be closed, maximizing the potential gain in Karma. The incentives set by this leads to many useful and comprehensible answers at the end of a good browseable question thread. Orienting threads around questions leads to a question-centered discussion and the discussions in turn stay on topic."
Page 21: "For example, in 2011, FigShare (a commercial service) was introduced, serving as a free repository for the archiving and presentation of scientific results. Researchgate as well as Mendeley allow the publication of preprints; Mendeley allows the finding of dedicated reviewers for certain publications."
Page 27: References
"Pochoda, P., 2012. The big one: The epistemic system break in scholarly monograph publishing. New Media & Society. doi:10.1177/1461444812465143.
Pöschl, U., 2012. Multi-Stage Open Peer Review: Scientific Evaluation Integrating the Strengths of Traditional Peer Review with the Virtues of Transparency and Self- Regulation. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, 6. doi:10.3389/fncom.2012.00033.
Rice, C., 2013. Science research: three problems that point to a communications crisis. theguardian. Higher Education Network. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/higher- education-network/blog/2013/feb/11/science-research-crisis-retraction-replicability (http://www.guardian.co.uk/higher-education-network/blog/2013/feb/11/science- research-crisis-retraction-replicability)."
Encounters prompt unexpected responses and improvised ac- tions, as well as long-term negotiations with unforeseen outcomes, including both violence and love. Ethnographies of encounter focus on the cross-cultural and relational dynamics of these processes. They highlight how meanings, identities, objects, and subjectivities emerge through unequal relationships involving people and things that may at first glance be understood as distinct.
For the sake of clear examples, we have selected from this body of work studies that (a) explicitly and consistently move between the voices and perspectives of members of different groups of people or things and (b) demonstrate how new cultural meanings and worlds emerge through their encounter. Rather than taking capitalism, space and place, and humanness as the frameworks that contextualize relations of encounter, the ethnographies discussed below demonstrate how encounter is the means by which these categories emerge.
If encounter ethnographies of capitalism theorize the systematicity of capitalist relations by fo- cusing on the cross-cultural relationships through which they emerge, other ethnographies of encounter denaturalize space and place by examining the engagements across difference that constitute these categories. Such ethnographies build on historical studies that explore how rela- tionships between colonizers and those colonized created new geographies, such as contact zones (Pratt1992),borderlands(Anzaldu a1987),spacesofdeath(Taussig1987),thenationalgeobody (Winichakul 1994), diasporic routes (Brown 2005; Gilroy 1987, 1993), and oceanic worlds (Ho 2006). Rejecting the notion that colonial powers single-handedly dictated spatial relationships, ear- lier studies demonstrated the intimate and tense negotiations through which colonial worlds took shape. Ethnographies of encounter build on these studies to focus on place as “meeting place”: “ar- ticulated moments in networks of social relations and understandings”
"It is important to notice that in many disciplines and scientific cultures, mainly humanities, textual reproduction with precious words and in a literary manner is a considerable feat which is beyond the pure transportation of information. Here, the reusing and remixing of content has to be seen in a different context... Concepts such as ‘transclusion’ , ‘pull-requests’, and ‘forking’ allow for different kinds of remixing and ‘reuse’ of earlier publications... An important feature of dynamic publications is the availability of a history functionality so that older versions of the publication are still available and referencing to the older versions can occur. This might not only be of interest to historians of science, but may also be very valuable in assessing the merits of earlier scientific discoveries and documenting scientific disputes. Many of these remixing and reuse concepts stem from collaborative software development and many of these are in turn far removed from the current perception of the life cycle of scientific publications."
"While openness can be seen as a tool for assuring quality and preventing scientific misconduct, at the same time it puts researchers under great pressure. Usually early versions of documents are full of spelling mistakes and errors and not meant to be seen by the public; furthermore, they usually lack approval from all coauthors. A possible solution allows for some parts of the publication and editing process to take place with limited visibility in a working version. After all authors have approved a version or a revision, this version can become part of the public version (Figure 5). The step from working version to public version would be based on some internal ‘gatekeeping’ criteria, such as the discussion and consent of all authors, making the process similar to that of the peer-review process. However, the peer-review is done by people other than the authors themselves and the peer-reviewing process can be organized by a quality-granting authority such as a journal."
"that life is complicated may seem a banal expression to the obvious, but it is nonetheless, a profound theoretical statement—perhaps the most important theoretical statement of our time” (3).
"a paradigmatic way in which life is more complicated than those of us who study it have usually granted. Haunting is a constituent element of modern social life. It is neither premodern superstition nor individual psychosis; it is a generalizable social phenomenon of great import. To study social life one must confront the ghostly aspects of it. This confrontation requires (or produces) a fundamental change in the way we know and make knowledge, in our mode of production" (7)
We must engage with ghosts, even when they aren’t our own (164).
For Gordon, reckoning with ghosts “is not a return to the past but a reckoning with its repression in the past, a reckoning with that which we have lost, but never had” (183).
“To write a history of the present requires stretching toward the horizon of what cannot be seen with ordinary clarity yet.. To imagine beyond the limits of what's already understandable is our best hope for retaining what ideology critique traditionally offers while transforming its limitations into what was called utopian possibility” (195)